DNA sequencing

DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in DNA. It includes any method or technology that is used to determine the order of the four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. The advent of rapid DNA sequencing methods has greatly accelerated biological and medical research and discovery.^[1]^[2]

Knowledge of DNA sequences has become indispensable for basic biological research, DNA Genographic Projects and in numerous applied fields such as medical diagnosis, biotechnology, forensic biology, virology and biological systematics. Comparing healthy and mutated DNA sequences can diagnose different diseases including various cancers,^[3] characterize antibody repertoire,^[4] and can be used to guide patient treatment.^[5] Having a quick way to sequence DNA allows for faster and more individualized medical care to be administered, and for more organisms to be identified and cataloged.^[4]

The rapid speed of sequencing attained with modern DNA sequencing technology has been instrumental in the sequencing of complete DNA sequences, or genomes, of numerous types and species of life, including the human genome and other complete DNA sequences of many animal, plant, and microbial species.

The first DNA sequences were obtained in the early 1970s by academic researchers using laborious methods based on two-dimensional chromatography. Following the development of fluorescence-based sequencing methods with a DNA sequencer,^[6] DNA sequencing has become easier and orders of magnitude faster.^[7]^[8]

^ "Introducing 'dark DNA' – the phenomenon that could change how we think about evolution". 24 August 2017.
^ Behjati S, Tarpey PS (December 2013). "What is next generation sequencing?". Archives of Disease in Childhood: Education and Practice Edition. 98 (6): 236–8. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2013-304340. PMC 3841808. PMID 23986538.
^ Chmielecki J, Meyerson M (14 January 2014). "DNA sequencing of cancer: what have we learned?". Annual Review of Medicine. 65 (1): 63–79. doi:10.1146/annurev-med-060712-200152. PMID 24274178.
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference :3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Pekin D, Skhiri Y, Baret JC, Le Corre D, Mazutis L, Salem CB, et al. (July 2011). "Quantitative and sensitive detection of rare mutations using droplet-based microfluidics". Lab on a Chip. 11 (13): 2156–66. doi:10.1039/c1lc20128j. PMID 21594292.
^ Olsvik O, Wahlberg J, Petterson B, Uhlén M, Popovic T, Wachsmuth IK, Fields PI (January 1993). "Use of automated sequencing of polymerase chain reaction-generated amplicons to identify three types of cholera toxin subunit B in Vibrio cholerae O1 strains". J. Clin. Microbiol. 31 (1): 22–25. doi:10.1128/JCM.31.1.22-25.1993. PMC 262614. PMID 7678018.
^ Pettersson E, Lundeberg J, Ahmadian A (February 2009). "Generations of sequencing technologies". Genomics. 93 (2): 105–11. doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2008.10.003. PMID 18992322.
^ Cite error: The named reference Bambara Padmanabhan Wu 1974 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[1] "Introducing 'dark DNA' – the phenomenon that could change how we think about evolution". 24 August 2017.

[2] Behjati S, Tarpey PS (December 2013). "What is next generation sequencing?". Archives of Disease in Childhood: Education and Practice Edition. 98 (6): 236–8. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2013-304340. PMC 3841808. PMID 23986538.

[3] Chmielecki J, Meyerson M (14 January 2014). "DNA sequencing of cancer: what have we learned?". Annual Review of Medicine. 65 (1): 63–79. doi:10.1146/annurev-med-060712-200152. PMID 24274178.

[:3-4] Cite error: The named reference :3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[5] Pekin D, Skhiri Y, Baret JC, Le Corre D, Mazutis L, Salem CB, et al. (July 2011). "Quantitative and sensitive detection of rare mutations using droplet-based microfluidics". Lab on a Chip. 11 (13): 2156–66. doi:10.1039/c1lc20128j. PMID 21594292.

[olsvik1993-6] Olsvik O, Wahlberg J, Petterson B, Uhlén M, Popovic T, Wachsmuth IK, Fields PI (January 1993). "Use of automated sequencing of polymerase chain reaction-generated amplicons to identify three types of cholera toxin subunit B in Vibrio cholerae O1 strains". J. Clin. Microbiol. 31 (1): 22–25. doi:10.1128/JCM.31.1.22-25.1993. PMC 262614. PMID 7678018.

[pmid18992322-7] Pettersson E, Lundeberg J, Ahmadian A (February 2009). "Generations of sequencing technologies". Genomics. 93 (2): 105–11. doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2008.10.003. PMID 18992322.

[Bambara_Padmanabhan_Wu_1974-8] Cite error: The named reference Bambara Padmanabhan Wu 1974 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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